Thoughts on "Rape Culture" in Iran

I recently saw this article and video discussing "slut-shaming" and it got me thinking a little bit. More recently, today, I read this article about the legally enforced "Islamic" dress code in Iran. (The third paragraph is the one relevant to my discussion here). (I realize it's a bit old: I followed a link to get there from a more recent article about Tehran coffee shops, which is interesting enough that I am sharing the link here).

I'll begin with the thoughts that Margo Fortier, the 14-year-old wiser than her years inspired. I had never heard the term slut-shaming before, and it's good that I finally did, not only because it made me realize that this was an activity I myself (at least mentally) engaged in in some contexts, but also because it got me thinking more about the consequences and its role in Iranian culture, which I have oft criticized primarily because of the strict restrictions it places on women. When I refer to "Iranian culture" here, I am referring to the conservative Islamist culture that is embodied by much of the older generation, supported by the Islamic regime, and forced onto the youth. 

Before discussing how slut-shaming occurs among Iranians, I will briefly explain and attempt to excuse my own participation in it: it has happened that I describe (aloud or silently) a girl or woman (whether a celebrity or a stranger on the street) as "slutty" or "whorish" because she dresses or acts provocatively. When I make such a categorization I, like anyone else, don't mean that she is a prostitute, but that her actions or manner of dress suggest that she is sexually available and willing. This verbal categorization is usually accompanied by a feeling of disgust or resentment and a moral judgement of wrongdoing. Before hearing Margo's words I made the judgement without much thought, but now I seem to catch myself in the thought, or feel vaguely disturbed when I hear someone else express it. The reason I feel disturbed is that I can no longer reconcile the belief that I am an open-minded, liberal person who believes in human rights (and particularly women's rights, if only because women as a group have been and are more often stripped of their rights than men have), with this action. That is, in accord with the liberal worldview, I can not allow myself to pass judgement on another human being's actions, particularly when they concern that person only.

That being said, the aforementioned "provocative" actions do affect other people, and this is the core of the fundamentalist's moral argument. Provocative actions do just that--provoke--and while we may not know an individual's motives for doing so, we can certainly say that the women who display this behaviour draw attention, and, according to the fundamentalist, lead to moral corruption. While words like "moral corruption" are vague, we can assume that what the fundamentalist means includes the following: sexual feelings and desires incited in others (for the purposes of this blog post we will assume these other people are men, since allowance of homosexuality will unnecessarily complicate things, and of course, to paraphrase one president, homosexuality does not exist in Iran), possibly leading to "illicit" sex (i.e. sex out of wedlock), both of which are acceptable in a liberal society, but not in a fundamentalist one. And yet, even within liberal society we allow the judgement to pass. Perhaps the reason for this stems from a fear that the "culprit" will provoke (our own) married men, who have vowed to remain sexually faithful to one person. If this is the reason, the judgement is still uncalled-for, as faithfulness of the married man is his responsibility, not the "provocative" woman's.

Let me be a little more clear. There exists, quite unfortunately, an argument among fundamentalists (I assume all over the world, but I am particularly familiar with this among Iranians, and internalized even by women), which suggests that a woman's behaviour and degree of covering are responsible for the feelings and actions of men towards her. This is not usually directly stated, but the suggestion that "faulty" covering leads to "moral corruption" means just that. The danger of the argument: it is a thin cloak for the justification of rape. I have seen a number of disturbing documentary or news videos and articles regarding rape by officials in Iran, and while I can not verify the truth of any of them with complete certainty, and know that most fundamentalists will deny their veracity, I strongly suspect that many are true.

The fundamentalists, of course, when faced with this kind of story, will cite Western influence as the problem, which has led to censorship of movies, a ban on satellite T.V., and blocking of many internet sites. This kind of action not only infringes on further rights, but is fundamentally misguided. It has only led to a very active black market for uncensored versions of Western movies and creative use of VPN and various other strategies to access the internet. Not only that, but the very idea that these images (often very innocent ones, by our liberal Western standards) are the source of sexual desire is laughable. A young population is sexually driven by nature, and in a society that enforces sexual starvation, rape will occur. No external influence necessary.

And that is just the problem. The fundamentalist nature of the current Iranian regime breeds men who, because they can not satisfy their sexual desires naturally, resort to rape (not only of "provocative" women, but also of younger boys). This is true both of the "rebellious" youth, but also of older men and officials, who, because of the very prevalent misogyny embedded in the culture, think nothing of blaming the woman (who perhaps very innocently wished to express a sense of style and differentiate herself from the swarm of black chadors and got stopped by the morality-police, or perhaps with youthful naivete bred by sexual segregation sought friendship with a young man she thought attractive).

Misogyny in Iran is very real, and the rape culture it breeds is inexcusable. It takes a very long time to change a culture, but perhaps expressing the need is the first step.

Women Without Men

I recently watched the movie Women Without Men, by Shirin Neshat. There was no Wikipedia article, so I decided to start one. The following is my summary of the movie. Because it is sure to be mercilessly edited there, I am keeping a copy here. 

Disclaimer: Spoiler Alert!

The film begins with the sound of Adhaan. A woman is standing on the rooftop in some distress, contemplating jumping. Finally, she does so in slow motion, with the narration "now there was only silence, and nothing else". The scene shifts to a rivulet, and the narration continues "and I think the only way to be freed from pain is to be freed from the world." The camera pans over the rivulet and over a garden, a returning motif throughout the film.

In the next scene, the same woman, whose name we find out is Munes, is listening to political news on the radio. Her brother enters and tells her to turn it off, and that a suitor is coming for her that night. She tells him she does not want a husband. Her brother gets angry, and tells her he is going to work and she must prepare dinner. If she leaves the house he will break her legs.

The scene shifts to the protests in the street. People are chanting "Durood bar Mosaddegh, Marg bar Engelis" (Long live Mosaddegh, Death to Britain). A young woman is riding a taxi through the crowd.

The girl, Faezeh, arrives at Munes's house. They discuss the events outside, with Faezeh calling the protestors "a bunch with nothing to do", and Munes stating that they themselves should be outside protesting. But Faezeh only seems interested in Munes's brother, and asks if it is true that he is getting married. Munes nods.

The scene shifts to a very thin woman, sitting on a bed. An older woman calls "Zarrin" from downstairs. The older woman, whom we learn is running a brothel, calls Zarrin again, saying that a customer has arrived. We now see Zarrin, the prostitute, putting on makeup. The scene changes to Zarrin lying on the bed, which is moving (due to a man, off-camera, having sex with her). Zarrin does not appear to be wearing the lipstick she applied earlier. She appears completely detached, as if she wishes she were elsewhere. The man gets up and dresses. As Zarrin gets up and washes her face, the Madame is calling her again. Zarrin curls into a corner and seems to be sobbing as the woman tells her there is another customer.

Another man appears in Zarrin's room. She is lying, detached, on the bed. He strokes her. Suddenly, she sees the man. He appears to her to be faceless. Zarrin runs out of the brothel with the Madame calling after her.

The scene shifts to another woman, riding in a car. She arrives at a military event, where an officer is being honoured. We learn that this is her husband. In the meantime, the woman is speaking to a young man, who has returned from abroad. Later, they are still talking and her husband arrives and she introduces them. At home, the husband berates his wife's friend. She is upset and tells him to leave her alone. He tells her she is becoming old and that if she is unable to satisfy him sexually he can get another wife. Crying, she says she is tired of him and leaves the room.

The scene shifts to Faezeh and Munes in the garden of Munes' home. Faezeh is gossiping about the woman that Munes' brother is planning to marry. She says she thinks that she may not even be a virgin. Munes says she is not even sure if she is a virgin, because when she was a child she was told to "stop climbing trees or your virginity will be torn". Her brother arrives and Munes says she and Faezeh are leaving. The brother shouts at her and she runs into the house. He offers Faezeh a ride home.

The scene changes to a women's bath. Zarrin is there, wearing a long (a traditional Iranian piece of cloth used to cover the body in a public bath). A woman dallak (a person whose job is to help people wash themselves in a public bath) offers to help her but she refuses. She is extremely skinny, and when she opens the long to bathe we see her protuding ribs. She proceeds to scrub her body vigorously, so hard that her skin becomes raw and red, and appears to be bleeding. When everyone has left she is still scrubbing.

The scene shifts to Faezeh and Amir Khaan exiting the house. They find Munes, apparently dead, in the street (she seems to have jumped from the roof while they were getting ready). Amir buries her in the garden as Faezeh looks on. The scene changes to a group of mourning women in black chadors. Zarrin, in a white flowered chador, walks by. She has a scowl on her face. She continues walking and gets to a group of men in prostration during prayer. She stands in front of them for a while, and when they get up she scampers away, through an archway and into the night. She walks until daybreak onto a dirt road, and the rivulet from the beginning of the film appears again. She walks into it and through a hole in a dirt wall, leaving her chador behind. She is now in the garden, which has tall trees and singing birds.

The scene changes to the military wife, who arrives at a restaurant where her friend is having a sociopolitical discussion with a group of artists. Later, when they are alone, the young man recites some poetry to her, and asks whether she still writes poetry and sings. He tells her she seems sad, and she says she is going to Karaj to see a garden. She has decided to leave her husband, Sadr. In the next scene she is being driven along the dirt road. She steps out of the luxury car and arrives at the gate. A man, apparently the same one we saw earlier stroking Zarrin, opens the door. He says that he has been waiting for her. He takes her to a beautiful, quaint villa house. The interior, while luxurious, is filled with dust. She asks the man how long he has been there, and he says that he has been there for as long as he can remember. The woman examines the house. There are books and instruments, but the place is covered in cobwebs.

Later, she walks into the garden. She looks into a river, where Zarrin is lying in her short reddish dress. Peaceful music plays. The woman gets the man, who carries Zarrin into the house.

The scene shifts to Faezeh, who is with an old magician woman, who gives her a spell to bury in Amir Khan's garden to curse his new bride and have him fall in love with her. Later, as she is doing so, she hears Munes' voice from the ground. Munes tells Faezeh that she can no longer breathe, and Faezeh digs her out of the ground. Munes then walks into the howz and immerses herself in the water.

Later, Munes and Faezeh go out to a cafe. Munes enters to listen to the radio, but Faezeh stays behind, saying that this is no place for a woman. Noticing two men looking at her she quickly walks away. The men follow her. Munes continues to listen to the radio. At night, she walks out to find Faezeh curled up into a ball and crying. Munes finds out that Faezeh has been raped. The next scene shows them walking along the dirt road. Munes tells Faezeh to knock on the door and enter, but that she herself must return to Tehran. Faezeh begs Munes not to leave her there alone, but enters nonetheless. Walking through the trees, she prays to God to forgive her "sin". Hearing singing, she walks and finally arrives at the house, where she finds the military wife. She tells her that she has lost her way and asks for water. She then sees Zarrin lying on a bed.

The scene now shifts to a street in Tehran. We see Munes, who becomes absorbed by a young man who is telling people to band together and fight the injustice. He shouts "long live freedom" as he scampers away (probably to avoid authorities). Later, he is in a cafe listening to the radio. Munes arrives and asks if he is a member of the Tudeh Party. He asks if she is too. She shakes her head and he gives her a pamphlet, saying he hopes to see her again, as he leaves.

We see a crowd in the street shouting the same slogans as before. The crowd is wearing white, and Munes, standing among them, is wearing a black chador. She says that this time, she is here, "Not only to look, but to see. Not only to be, but to do"

The scene shifts to Faezeh, who is praying. Noticing the man from the garden outside her window, she interrupts her prayer and rushes to close it, darkening the room.

We enter a dark dreamscape where Munes is calling Faezeh's name. Confused voices. Quiet. Faezeh looks around. Foreboding music. She watches herself, lying on the ground, as the two men rape her. The Faezeh on the ground appears to be smiling.

Now the real Faezeh is sitting on the ground in the garden, and the colors (bright green as in most of the film) have returned to normal. A much healthier-looking Zarrin arrives and they walk away together. Faezeh awakes in bed next to a bed occupied by Zarrin, who does indeed appear to be gaining weight and health. She strokes Zarrin's face, then walks out of the house without her chador, her long tresses covering her shoulders. She arrives in a field of red flowers. Zarrin is sitting there, folding and planting paper flowers.

Zarrin now sits at a table for tea with the woman and Faezeh.

The scene shifts to a meeting among members of the Tudeh Party, including the young man Munes met earlier. An announcement is made that the British government has declared Mosaddegh's government illegal and plans to stage a coup d'etat. During the night, they distribute flyers under doors.

During the day, people continue to protest. A man is speaking on a megaphone, claiming the Shah has run away, but the danger of a coup-d'etat is still imminent.

The scene shifts back to the house in the garden. Faezeh is in her room, in front of a mirror. She unbuttons her dress and looks at herself in the nude.

The older woman is sitting with Zarrin at a table outside, and tells her she looks much better. Faezeh arrives and the woman announces she wants to "open the garden doors" and have a party. Faezeh likes the idea, but Zarrin frowns.

Later that night, a tree mysteriously falls through one of the windows.

We later see Zarrin lying in some green outside, scowling. Munes' narration: "The garden is turning. Under this great weight, it seems sick. Now, there is no way back, and no peace"

Now we see a different group of protesters, saying "Javid Shah" (long live the Shah). The collide with Mossadegh's supporters. Gunshots. Munes is seen among Mossadegh's supporters. She is no longer wearing a chador.

The gardener walks into the house, carrying Zarrin, who seems to have fallen ill again. The woman tells him to put her in her room (she is preparing the living room for the party).

The guests begin to arrive. Music plays. A woman gossips about the hostess having left her husband and come here. A man recites poetry (Saadi). Amir Khaan (Karimi) arrives to see Faezeh. She is tending to Zarrin. The woman tells her that Amir Khaan has arrived. People drink "to the health of the Shah's rule". When Amir sees Faezeh, he asks her what has happened to her hijab, who are these corrupt people she has gathered around herself, and whether she still prays. He says he has come to take her hand and not to worry about his other wife, who will act as a servant to her. Faezeh replies "and perhaps when you get tired of me you I will serve your third wife" and exits in anger.

The guests have gathered and are listening to a man singing a melancholy song. The young male friend of the hostess arrives, and introduces his English-speaking fiancee.

Police arrive, asking about the garden's owner. The search the place, and sit down to a luxurious dinner. The guests ask who they are looking for (the Tudehs, or Mossadegh's supporters). Another guest states that "It doesn't matter. Opposition is opposition. We are all Shah-supporters here". The singing man begins to sing and play again.

The scene switches to a marriage gathering, where the Tudehs are present. It appears that the celebration may simply be a front for their publishing activities. Munes is in a room at the back where some political discussion is taking place. One of their members has been taken by the police and they are discussing whether he will talk under torture.

At the garden party, a soldier is praising his country to the foreign guest. Her fiance thanks Fakhri and asks her to sing. Faezeh sits with Zarrin, who is sweating. A police raid begins. At the same time, the Tudeh publishing room and wedding party are raided. The captured boy, who appears beaten, arrives with the police. Munes's young friend gets in a scuffle with a young soldier, whom he kills with a knife. Munes cries over the soldier's body.

Back at the garden party, Faezeh walks into the room where Fakhri is singing, crying. As the guests applaud, Fakhri realizes that Zarrin has died. She quietly makes her way to her, touches her forehead, and weeps over her body. Birds begin to sing as the morning light enter through the window. Faezeh exits into the courtyard, followed by Fakhri. The camera pans over the forest and then to the sky. As Munes narrates "Death is not difficult. It is imagining it that is difficult. It seems that what we were all looking for, was finding a new shape, a new way towards freedom", she is seen falling from the rooftop in slow motion once again.